By Nicole Clark
In
the field of communication, the transaction of important information is an
integral part of society. I would like to demonstrate, that the future of the
scientific profession in Australia also
relies heavily on communication practice, for delivering important and critical
information regarding the emphasis of Climate Change.
In
today’s modern society, in Australia science is failing to communicate to the
broader social perspective. It is with a fervent attitude that we can only
deduce that somewhere along the lines, the realism of scientific consensus has
been misrepresented in social discourse. External influences, such as
conglomerate media structures and political organisations, have distorted the
relevant complexity of science, leading to an overt perversion of scientific
reverence. So how can we bring science
back from the brink? And, as it is said on the Australian five dollar bill- (“The
greatest question which we have to consider is”)... What among all influences
is the most crucial foreground for science to regain its lost confidence in social
discourse?
Climate
change is absolute, the globe is warming and long-term weather patterns are
being altered (IPCC, 2011). Now in the era of irreversible change- never has it
been more appropriate, or more important to communicate scientific consensus. The
purpose of this paper is not to investigate why scientific consensus is
currently being ignored, but to identify which existing barriers in science
communication methods could be adapted, to become effective at bringing science
back from the brink and back into the
slipstream of society. In this paper, I evaluate the nominal pathways in which
scientific knowledge is distributed-both internally among peers and externally
among the public; to further highlight the complexities and barriers scientific
professionals are faced with regarding effective communication of climate change
science. I then offer possible solutions as to how such barriers may be
overcome, by demonstrating which approaches are most likely to succeed and
which approaches are most likely to fail.
Communication in Science
Information
about the workings of the world falls under the profession of science.
Scientists report implicit logical arguments through the use of mathematics,
statistics and physical evidence (Manly, 1992) and therefore, have a unique way
of communicating which is abstract from mainstream society and traditional literature
(Dawson et al, 2010). Literature often contains jargon and complex mathematical
equations and often does not adhere to a broader range of audience (Knight,
2006).
Scientific literature is put into
context in a scientific report. The format forms the basis for all scientific
fields and includes: a title, an abstract (summary), aims, introduction,
methods, results (findings) discussion and conclusion (Dawson et al, 2010). Scientific reports do not serve a purpose in
the public eye. Information is compiled, analysed and reviewed dictating
complex concise information. Reports in science assist with studies being
repeated by fellow scientists, without bias (Manly, 1992). As it is generally
accepted, communication is a learned practice in society (West & Turner,
2010) and scientists learn to communicate effectively among each other for the purpose
of expanding knowledge for an internal profession.
Existing Pathways: Public barriers
External
Occasionally,
scientific concern requires broad range perception. Science, as any other written or spoken
communication, is likely to become lost in translation, if not properly
transcribed. For instance, a road repairman probably would not know that the
critical issue between long wave radiation and depletion of the allotrope:
ozone; is just another way of discussing chemical reactions that cause a hole
in the ozone layer and global warming,
adversely changing the climate. In this instance, the ineffective communication
path results in scientists failing to convey a message of critical importance.
Only a clear message is effective through communication channels to reach all
audience (Written communications that inform and influence, 2006). Therefore, complex scientific jargon and
scientific language creates a barrier and the message is misunderstood. The
result: the road repairman likely did not get the critical message about
climate change.
Internal
Unique
communication within science is both important and necessary, because it allows
complexities to be explained in critical detail, helping scientists to work
together (Dawson et al 2010). Critical information and knowledge is internally
communicated. For example, a biologist does not have a universal name for all
bacteria. The name ‘bacteria’, is not enough information for the ecologist, a
colleague to understand. There are many
different species of bacteria, and if not specified the ecologist would not know
what specific species to study. Further information is required in order to
conduct a study on chemical reactions in prokaryote
bacteria communities. An internal
pathway such as this, allows specific knowledge to be passed on, from one
scientist to another. Without such explicit communication, future external
understanding can never eventuate. The
result of this specific pathway: the biologist can conduct the study in a
concise and highly detailed manor using explicit scientific jargon, which is
then communicated to the associate ecologist, who then repeats the study and
adds to the findings on this complex topic. With the internal pathway the
result, through effective communication- the ecologist is able to bring to
light a solid scientific theory. However necessary the internal pathway may be,
it too can be identified as another public barrier.
Adapting pathways
In
external public understanding, the method in which information is passed on is
critical, failure to pass a message on, leads to a receiver that is unclear as
to what information they are given (West et al, 2010). The external pathway
mentioned above in this case, became lost in translation and created a barrier,
despite the attempted communication of the concept (ozone depletion), was critically
important for general public understanding. Hence, the use of jargon
precariously added complexities in this nominal pathway. Knight (2006), suggests, scientists can both
send a message and still tell a story; all without the use of complexities.
Therefore, adapting this pathway though removal of jargon- while still
explaining the causality of ozone depletion and global warming, may allow the
public to gain understanding- without the complexity of science; where it is
hoped they will still interpret the broader perspective of the concept.
Internal
pathways, allow for effective communication among peers and among different
scientific disciplines. In this pathway of communication- when studying
bacteria communities, we can see that information regarding this scientific
knowledge, will experience innate problems with translation to the public. While the internal communication is extremely
critical to the progression of modern science, it leaves little avenue for
appropriate public distribution. Wray et al (2008) explain,
to overcome a barrier it is important to understand that end products, when properly transcribed can still be
translated. Therefore, by re-developing an internal pathway, there is no loss
of those fundamental and core components of the concept. In this way, scientists do not remove a
concept, they adapt the pathway for the public only; while internally, the
progression of modern science continues.
Connecting the public to science
Keys
(1997) explains, people are more likely to respond to a scientific concept if
it appears to effect them more directly.
Therefore, relatable interactions are a good way to bridge the gap in
communication barriers. Scientists can
relate to their audience by developing a pathway from the internal
communication and adapting the external communication pathway. With these
adaptations and with the exclusion of jargon and or complexities, they can
still relay complex information in a readable yet comprehensive format. As a
result, a likely pathway between scientists and the public can be established.
It is also important to understand that the outcome of scientific studies,
though developed internally, can and should be later transformed to meet public
comprehension. However, the scientist
should still keep close eye to communicate the fundamental and core components
within the scientific discipline. However, it should also be rigorously
monitored, as they are scientific
concepts and should always be
addressed as such.
Nisbet
and Scheufele (2009) explain, scientists should
be looking at adapting a foreground of communication that is firmly grounded in
the construct of society, one that aims to inform the notion of complex
concepts in a simple yet thought provoking format. It is important to understand, that this
extends further than just telling the public as if a news story. It goes beyond
this format, to the substratum of audience interaction. If scientists adapt pathways
of communication, they can interact with a broader audience and then transgress
these elements to business and or possible political relationships, including
social and education conventions and public information sessions; which lead
into the formation of interpersonal relationships with possible stakeholders.
To further adapt these concepts, it is important to establish a communication
in which the public can relate to these
relationships- forming relationships that aim to establish a meaningful
connection with all involved. Individuals and groups are more likely to respond
to relationships when they notice a propensity (behavioural tendency) for a
meaningful purpose or idea connected to them (Wray et al, 2008).
Science, Climate Change and the future
Scientists
are renowned for adapting methodology and study design. The study of climate change science is by no
means any different from any scientific discipline. As I outlined above,
adapting the means of communication pathways
in science are by far the best method for communicating complex
scientific concepts such as climate change. But in lure of what has been
discussed above, we are left with inherit complexities in the notion of
communicating this imperative concept. So now, we are left to decide which
adaptations will work best in the critical need to communicate the foundations
of climate change science? How can we create communication pathways that will
bring to light the innate problems society faces with immanent changes to
climate? There is no doubt that as I
write this- I am faced with my own complexities, but from an outspoken
perspective as it has always been said, the most important communication method
is establishing an effective pathway. Bellow, I give my personal explanation as to
how communication pathways to the public can be established.
First
and foremost, I feel it is extremely necessary that science communication
pathways to the public, seek to remove the inherit complexities associated with
jargon and complex mathematical concepts- as well as removing the notion of
trying to translate too much information. Information, which is not connected
to the key concepts in a vital way. For
example, going back to the concept of the hole in the ozone layer, to
effectively translate this idea on climate change, scientists should err on the
side of caution when using jargon. Firstly, let’s imagine the road repairman is
a community stake holder, in this case it would be important to form a strong
interpersonal relationship with the individual (the road repairman). I feel
this scientific concept would better be described, by explaining to the
individual, how climate change will affect him and his respective community; and just how important the idea of
climate change is to future generations in his
community. Furthermore, it would be important to translate this information in
a simple format. A format that eliminates, the need to express any concepts
that should only represent communication avenues of an internal nature.
Therefore,
‘what not to do’ in this instance would be, explaining the concept using too
much jargon and complexities, or discussing scientific names of chemical
species. For example: ‘Ozone, Carbon Dioxide and Chlorofluocarbons are reacting
with OLR in the stratosphere, they cause the global temperature to rise, influencing
the global weather patterns which regulate high and low pressure systems. Consequently,
this sort of level of relation is inappropriate to establish a meaningful
connection with this particular individual, and the respective social
structures in which the individual represents. At the most, the road repairman
probably recognises key words such as: carbon, stratosphere and systems, but
using complex jargon together with complex explanations is inadequate, because
this is internal communication used among science professionals and is unfit
for public consumption. The explanations are too detailed and saturated in
explicit scientific consensus. This
automatically creates a barrier, which is ineffective to create a pathway whereby
public understanding is achieved. Therefore, it is highly important to avoid
that internal pathway used by scientists, in favour of something more
appropriate such as the external. At this point, if such a barrier is not
overcome an individual is unable to relate themselves to the concept in a
meaningful way.
The
alternative, explain that ‘scientists are certain that the interactions
occurring inside the atmosphere have been impacted since the industrial
revolution. These impacts are warming the globe-, which causes the climates to
shift and change, which affects the wet and dry periods we experience in the
weather’. Lastly, explain ‘reducing
these impacts will allow for a reduction in these climate shifts’. If at least some relationship is established,
a communication pathway may be opened, and through the use of these adapted
external communication methods, this may create meaning for the
individual. They may then notice the
propensity to connect with the concept of climate change science; and develop
an idea of individual purpose for understanding the inner workings of climate
change - as they can then relate to how it will impact them on an individual and or community/stakeholder level.
Conclusion
The
innate problem that surrounds the perversion of public discourse in the field
of science, is surrounded with complexities in its self, and undoubtedly
requires rigorous scientific study. That being said, from a discussion stand
point only, I have outlined a few key concepts which I feel are most effective
for the nature of translating this complex scientific idea- climate change. Clear
communication is essential. Therefore communication that is free from jargon,
complex scientific information, as well a removal of unnecessary explanations
of scientific relationships (not connected to foundational concepts)- will help
bridge the gap between barriers which we currently see plaguing the view of
scientific emphasis in public discourse.
Removing
such barriers, will allow for the establishment of relationships that will seek
to improve the communication pathways ,forming relatable aspects of science
that connect the individual to the concept to provide purpose and meaning to
the broader social perception. These interactions must be centred around
meaningful relationships that always seek to obtain a strong connection with
scientific professionals. They must
provoke audience interaction and always be centred around simple translations
that all social participants can understand.
Such
pathways, will allow for science and critical science concepts, to be incorporated
back into Australian society. These methods alone, will undoubtedly assist
scientific professionals to illustrate the critical need for climate change
initiatives, and bring science into the slip-stream, thus- back from the
brink.
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